Administration System and Economic Activities in Malaysia

Judiciary System

The judiciary system in Malaysia is an integral part of the country's legal and governance structure. Here are key features of Malaysia's judiciary system:

Hierarchy of Courts:

• Malaysia has a hierarchical structure of courts, with the Federal Court as the highest court in the country. The other courts in descending order include the Court of Appeal, the High Court (divided into divisions for civil and criminal cases), and various subordinate courts.

Federal Court

• The Federal Court is the apex court and has jurisdiction over constitutional issues and matters involving federal law. It also serves as the court of final appeal.

Court of Appeal

• The Court of Appeal hears appeals from the High Court and other lower courts It is the second-highest court in Malaysia.

High court:

• The Malaysian High Court functions as the state's supreme court. It deals with significant civil cases, such as disagreements between individuals or businesses, and criminal cases, such as crimes. People can request a review of the decision from a higher court if they disagree with it.

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Subordinate Courts:

• Subordinate courts include the Sessions Court (which handles both civil and criminal cases of intermediate value) and the Magistrates' Courts (which deal with less severe offenses and civil matters of lower value).

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Syariah Courts:

• The Syariah Courts have jurisdiction over family and religious matters for Muslims.

Appointment of Judges:

• Judges are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (the King) on the advice of the Prime Minister. The judiciary includes both Malaysian and non-Malaysian judges.

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Rule of Law:

• The judiciary upholds the rule of law, ensuring that legal decisions are based on established laws and principles. The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the land.

Malaysia Financial & Banking System

The Malaysian financial and banking system is characterized by a robust and diversified framework that supports the country's economic development and stability.

1. Central Bank

• The central bank of Malaysia is Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM). It serves as the primary regulatory authority overseeing the country's monetary policy, financial stability, and currency issuance. BNM plays a crucial role in maintaining price stability and fostering sustainable economic growth.

2. Banking Sector:

• Malaysia's banking sector is comprised of commercial banks, Islamic banks, and
  foreign banks operating in the country. Commercial banks offer a wide range of
  conventional banking services, while Islamic banks provide Shariah-compliant
  financial products and services adhering to Islamic principles.

3. Islamic Finance:

• Malaysia is a global leader in Islamic finance, offering a comprehensive range of
  Islamic banking, takaful (Insurance), sukuk (Islamic bonds), and Islamic investment products.

4. Financial Markets:

• Malaysia's financial markets include the stock exchange, bond market, money market, and derivatives market. The Bursa Malaysia is the country's primary stock exchange, where equities, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and other securities are traded. The bond market offers a variety of debt instruments, including government bonds, corporate bonds, and Sukuk.

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5. Regulatory Framework:

• Malaysia has established a comprehensive regulatory framework to ensure the stability
  and integrity of its financial system. Regulatory bodies such as the Securities
  Commission Malaysia (SC) and the Financial Markets Committee (FMC) oversee
  capital markets and financial market operations, respectively. Additionally, regulatory
  agencies monitor compliance with anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-
  terrorism financing (CTF) regulations to safeguard against financial crimes.

6. Financial Inclusion:

• The Malaysian government promotes financial inclusion through initiatives aimed atenhancing access to financial services, especially among underserved communities.Efforts to expand banking infrastructure, promote financial literacy, and facilitatemicrofinance initiatives contribute to broader financial inclusion objectives.

7. Fintech and Innovation:

• Malaysia's financial sector is embracing financial technology (fintech) and innovation to enhance efficiency, accessibility, and customer experience. The government supports fintech development through regulatory sandboxes, incubation programs, and initiatives to promote digital payments and blockchain technology.

8. International Integration:

• Malaysia actively participates in regional and international financial initiatives, including ASEAN economic integration and bilateral trade agreements. The country's integration into global financial networks facilitates cross-border investment, trade financing, and international capital flows.

Malaysian Civil Service

The civil service of Malaysia refers to the government bureaucracy responsible for
implementing policies, delivering public services, and administering various governmental functions. Here's an overview of the Malaysian civil service:

1. Structure:

• The civil service of Malaysia is organized into federal, state, and local government
  levels. At the federal level, ministries and government departments oversee specific portfolios and functions, while state and local governments manage affairs within their respective jurisdictions.

2. Size:

• The Malaysian civil service is one of the largest employers in the country, comprising
  hundreds of thousands of civil servants. The size and structure of the civil service are
  subject to periodic reviews and restructuring efforts to enhance efficiency and
  effectiveness.

3. Recruitment and Employment:

• Civil service recruitment in Malaysia is typically based on meritocracy and open competition. Entry into the civil service is governed by standardized selection processes, including examinations, interviews, and assessments.Civil servants are employed on permanent or contractual terms, depending on the nature of their positions and roles.

4. Career Progression

• The Malaysian civil service offers opportunities for career advancement and professional development. Civil servants may progress through various ranks and grades based on performance, experience, and qualifications. Training programs and capacity-building initiatives are provided to enhance the skills and capabilities of civil servants.

5. Code of Conduct and Ethics

• Civil servants in Malaysia are expected to adhere to a code of conduct and ethics that emphasizes integrity, professionalism, impartiality, and accountability. Ethical standards and guidelines are established to ensure transparency, fairness, and public trust in the civil service.

6. Roles and Responsibilities

• Civil servants in Malaysia are responsible for a wide range of functions, including policy formulation, implementation, regulation, public service delivery, and administrative support. They work across various sectors, including education, healthcare, infrastructure, finance, security, and social welfare.

7. Political Neutrality

• The Malaysian civil service is expected to maintain political neutrality and serve the government of the day impartially, regardless of political affiliation. Civil servants are required to uphold the principles of good governance and serve the best interests of the nation and its citizens.

8. Digital Transformation

• The Malaysian civil service is undergoing digital transformation initiatives to modernize operations, enhance service delivery, and improve efficiency. E-government initiatives, digital platforms, and technology-driven solutions are
  being implemented to streamline processes and facilitate citizen engagement.
  Overall, the Malaysian civil service plays a crucial role in supporting governance, policy implementation, and public service delivery, contributing to the nation's development and well-being.

Education System

Malaysia's education system is structured and administered by the Ministry of Education. The system encompasses various levels, including preschool, primary education, secondary education, and tertiary education. Here are key features of Malaysia's education system:

1. Preschool Education:

• Preschool education is not compulsory but is encouraged for children aged 4 to 6. It provides a foundation for early childhood development.
  

2. Primary Education:

• Primary education is compulsory for all children and covers six years. It is for students aged 7 to 12. The primary school curriculum includes subjects such as Malay language, English, mathematics, science, and social studies.

3. Secondary Education

• Secondary education is divided into lower secondary (Form 1 to Form 3) and upper secondary (Form 4 to Form 5) levels. The curriculum becomes more specialized at the secondary level. Students take the Malaysian Certificate of Education (SPM) examination at the end of Form 5.

4. Malaysian Certificate of Education (SPM):

• SPM is a significant examination that assesses students' knowledge at the end of secondary education. The results play a crucial role in determining eligibility for tertiary education.

5. Form 6 (Pre-University):

• Form 6 is an optional level providing pre-university education. It includes two years of study (Lower Six and Upper Six) and prepares students for the Malaysian Higher School Certificate (STPM) examination.

6. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET):

• Malaysia places importance on technical and vocational education to meet the demands of the workforce. TVET programs are available at various levels, providing skills and practical training.

7. Tertiary Education:

• Tertiary education in Malaysia is offered by public and private universities, colleges, and vocational institutions. Public universities are funded by the government, while private universities operate independently. Degrees, diplomas, and certificates are awarded in various fields.

8. International Schools:

• Malaysia has a growing number of international schools offering curricula such as the International Baccalaureate (IB) or British and American systems. These schools cater to expatriates and locals seeking an international education.

Immigration System

The immigration system of a country can change, and specific details can be subject to updates or modifications. If you're inquiring about the immigration system of Malaysia, here are some general aspects:
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1. Visa Categories:

• Malaysia offers various visa categories for different purposes, including tourism, business, education, and employment. Each category has its own set of requirements and eligibility criteria.‍
• The Malaysian Government issues Three (3) types of visas to foreign nationals:

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Single Entry Visa
This is issued to foreign nationals who require a visa to enter Malaysia mainly for a social visit. It is normally valid for a single entry and three (3) months from the date of issue.

Multiple Entry Visa
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This is issued to foreign nationals who require a visa to enter Malaysia mainly for business or government-to-government matters. It is normally valid for a period of three (3) months to twelve (12) months from the date of issue. Citizens of India and the People’s Republic of China who wish to enter Malaysia for a Social Visit are eligible to apply for the Multiple Entry Visa. The validity of the Multiple Entry Visa is one (1) year. Each entry is for 30 days only and the extension of stay is not allowed.
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Conditions for the Multiple Entry Visa are:
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• The applicant must show proof of sufficient funds for staying in Malaysia.
• The applicant must possess a valid and confirmed return ticket.
• Tour groups are not eligible to apply for Multiple Entry Visa.
• The Multiple Entry Visa costs RM100.00 for Indian Citizens and RM30.00 for citizens of
the People’s Republic of China.

Transit Visa
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This is issued to foreign nationals who require a visa to enter Malaysia in transit to other countries. Foreign nationals in transit without leaving the airport premises and who continue their journey to the next destination with the same flight do not require a transit visa.

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2. Tourist Visa:
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Tourists from many countries are allowed to enter Malaysia without a visa for a specified period. However, for longer stays, a tourist visa may be required.

3. Work Visa:
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It is your employer who has to apply for a Malaysia work permit on your behalf. They must apply with the Immigration Department of Malaysia. Once the Immigration Department approves the application, you may travel to Malaysia or apply for a visa with reference if you are a visa-required national.

How to apply for a work visa in Malaysia?
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1. Applying for Expatriate Post or Quota Approval
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   Your employer has to apply for an Expatriate Post from the Expatriate Committee (EC) or another relevant authority agency before they apply for your Employment Pass. The Malaysian government has appointed the following agencies to be in charge of approving Expatriate Posts:
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   • Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) for the sectors of manufacturing and services.
   • Multimedia Development Corporation (MDeC) for the technology sector.
   • Central Bank of Malaysia (BNM) for the sectors of finance, insurance, and banking.
   • Malaysian Biotechnology Corporation (BiotechCorp – BC) for the sector of biotechnology.
   • Securities Commission (SC) for the sector of securities and futures market.
   • Expatriate Committee (EC) for sectors other than the ones mentioned above.
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2. Approval of Malaysia work permit
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   The Immigration Department of Malaysia has to approve your work permit application before you can arrive in Malaysia. If your application is approved, you will receive a visa approval letter, which allows you to travel to Malaysia.
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   This is where the process changes, depending on your nationality. If you are a visa-required national, you must obtain a Malaysian entry visa (visa with reference) from the Malaysian Representative Office nearest to you (Embassy/Consulate).
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3. Applying for a Malaysian work visa (visa with reference)
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   • Visa-required nationals must apply for a Malaysia Visa With Reference from a MalaysianEmbassy or Consulate to be allowed entry to the country. A Malaysian Visa With Reference means that the applicant had to get the visa approved by the Malaysia Immigration Department before they could apply at an Embassy/Consulate.
   • Visas Without Reference, on the other hand, are tourist visas, and they are issued by theEmbassy/Consulate itself without needing approval from the Immigration Department.
   • If you are not a visa-required national, you can travel to Malaysia with your Visa Approval Letter.
   • See below whether you need a visa to enter Malaysia for employment purposes.
4. Getting your work permit issued
   
   After you arrive in Malaysia, you must submit your passport and pay for the Pass at the Malaysian Immigration Department. They will process your application and issue you with a sticker on your passport and a work permit card. You can start working.
   

4. Student Visa

All foreigners who wish to pursue their education at any level of education in Malaysia are required to apply for a Student Pass from the Department of Immigration Malaysia.

Malaysian Economic Activities

Agro-Based Industry

has a well-established agro-based industry that plays a significant role in the country's economy. The agro-based industry encompasses various sectors related to agriculture and agribusiness, including crop cultivation, livestock farming, fisheries, and the processing of agricultural products.

1. Palm Oil Production: Malaysia is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of palm oil. The palm oil industry has been a major contributor to the country's economy, providing employment opportunities and contributing significantly to foreign exchange earnings.

2. Rubber Production: Malaysia is also a significant producer of rubber, and rubber plantations are common in various parts of the country. The rubber industry is important for the production of natural rubber, which is used in various industries, including tire manufacturing.

3. Fisheries and Aquaculture: Malaysia has a thriving fisheries sector, with both marine and inland fisheries contributing to the supply of fish products. Additionally, the country has been investing in aquaculture to enhance fish production.

4. Livestock Farming: Livestock farming, including poultry, cattle, and other livestock, is an essential component of Malaysia's agro-based industry. It not only provides a source of protein for the population but also contributes to rural livelihoods.

5. Agro-processing and Food Industry: The processing of agricultural products is a crucial part of the agro-based industry. Malaysia has a well-developed food processing sector that converts raw agricultural materials into value-added products for domestic consumption and export.

6. Biotechnology in Agriculture: Malaysia has been incorporating biotechnology in
agriculture to enhance crop yields, develop genetically modified crops, and address agricultural challenges. Research and development efforts in this field aim to improve productivity and sustainability.

7. Government Initiatives: The Malaysian government has implemented various initiatives to support the agro-based industry, including subsidies, research and development programs, and policies aimed at ensuring food security and sustainable agricultural practices.

Manufacturing Sector in Malaysia

The manufacturing sector in Malaysia is a key driver of the country's economy, contributing significantly to GDP growth, employment generation, and industrial
development.

Here's an overview of the manufacturing sector in Malaysia:

1. Historical Background: Malaysia's manufacturing sector has undergone significant growth and transformation since the country's independence in 1957. Initially focused on agriculture and natural resource extraction, Malaysia's industrialization drive began in the 1970s with the implementation of industrial policies aimed at promoting export-oriented manufacturing.
2. Diversification: The manufacturing sector in Malaysia is highly diversified,
   encompassing various industries such as electronics, automotive, machinery and
   equipment, chemicals, textiles, and food processing. This diversification strategy helps mitigate risks associated with dependence on specific sectors and enhances the resilience of the economy.
3. Export-Oriented Growth: Malaysia's manufacturing sector is primarily export-
   oriented, with a strong emphasis on producing goods for international markets. Export-led growth strategies have fueled the expansion of manufacturing activities, attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and promoting global competitiveness.
4. Foreign Investment: Foreign investment plays a significant role in Malaysia's
   manufacturing sector, with multinational corporations (MNCs) establishing production facilities and manufacturing hubs in the country. The Malaysian government actively encourages foreign investment through incentives such as tax breaks, grants, and preferential treatment for strategic industries.
5. Industrial Parks and Zones: Malaysia has established industrial parks and free trade zones to attract investment and facilitate manufacturing activities. These designated areas offer infrastructure, utilities, and logistical support to companies, creating conducive environments for industrial development.
6. Technology and Innovation: The Malaysian government prioritizes technology
   adoption and innovation in the manufacturing sector to enhance productivity, quality, and competitiveness. Initiatives such as the National Industry 4.0 Policy Framework aim to promote digitalization, automation, and advanced manufacturing technologies.
7. Human Capital Development: Malaysia invests in human capital development to
   build a skilled workforce capable of supporting the needs of the manufacturing sector. Vocational training programs, technical education initiatives, and partnerships with industry stakeholders help develop a pool of skilled workers and professionals.
8. Supply Chain Integration: Malaysia's manufacturing sector is integrated into global supply chains, collaborating with suppliers, subcontractors, and distributors across various countries. Participation in regional economic initiatives such as ASEAN integration and bilateral trade agreements enhances supply chain connectivity and market access.
9. Environmental Sustainability: Environmental sustainability is increasingly emphasized in Malaysia's manufacturing sector, with efforts to minimize environmental impact, reduce carbon emissions, and promote sustainable practices. Regulatory frameworks and industry standards address environmental concerns while fostering eco-friendly manufacturing processes.

Overall, the manufacturing sector in Malaysia plays a vital role in driving economic
growth, employment creation, and industrialization, positioning the country as a
competitive player in the global marketplace

Mining & Quarrying Sector in Malaysia

The mining and quarrying sector in Malaysia contributes to the extraction and processing of natural resources, including minerals, petroleum, and natural gas. Here's an overview of the mining and quarrying sector in Malaysia:

1. Minerals and Commodities: Malaysia is rich in various minerals and commodities,
   including tin, bauxite, iron ore, coal, copper, gold, and rare earth elements. These
   resources are extracted through mining and quarrying activities across the country.

2. Tin Mining: Historically, tin mining played a significant role in Malaysia's economy, particularly during the colonial era. Malaysia was one of the world's largest tin producers, with extensive mining operations in states such as Perak and Selangor. However, tin mining has declined significantly over the years due to depletion of resources and economic factors.

3. Bauxite Mining: Bauxite mining emerged as a major industry in Malaysia in recentyears, driven by demand from the global aluminum market. Bauxite deposits are found mainly in the state of Pahang, attracting investment in mining operations andprocessing facilities. However, environmental concerns and regulatory issues have ledto disruptions in bauxite mining activities.

4. Iron Ore and Coal Mining: Malaysia has substantial iron ore and coal reserves, withmining operations concentrated in states such as Terengganu, Pahang, and Sarawak.Iron ore mining is primarily conducted by large-scale operators, supplying rawmaterials to steel mills and smelting plants. Coal mining is limited but contributes todomestic energy production and industrial needs.‍
5. Petroleum and Natural Gas: Malaysia is the world's third-largest exporter of liquefiednatural gas (LNG) and the second-largest oil producer in Southeast Asia. By the end of2020, the nation had proven reserves of 2.7 billion barrels of oil and 32.1 trillion cubicfeet of natural gas.

6. Regulatory Framework: The mining and quarrying sector in Malaysia is regulated by various government agencies, including the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (KeTSA) and the Department of Minerals and Geoscience (JMG). Licensing, environmental regulations, and safety standards govern mining operations to ensure sustainable resource management and minimize environmental impact.
7. Environmental and Social Impacts: Mining and quarrying activities can have
   significant environmental and social impacts, including habitat destruction, water
   pollution, and displacement of communities. Environmental impact assessments
   (EIAs) and mitigation measures are required to address these concerns and promote sustainable mining practices.

Construction Sector in Malaysia

The construction sector in Malaysia is a vital component of the country's economy,
contributing to infrastructure development, economic growth, and employment generation.
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Here's an overview of the construction sector in Malaysia:

1. Infrastructure Development: The construction sector in Malaysia plays a crucial
   role in developing infrastructure such as roads, highways, bridges, railways, airports, ports, and utilities. Infrastructure projects are essential for supporting economic activities, enhancing connectivity, and improving living standards.
2. Residential and Commercial Construction: In addition to infrastructure projects, the construction sector is involved in residential, commercial, and industrial building construction. Residential development includes the construction of houses, apartments, and condominiums to meet the housing needs of the population. Commercial and industrial construction involves building offices, retail spaces, factories, and warehouses to support business activities.
3. Public and Private Sector Investment: Construction activities in Malaysia are driven by both public and private sector investment. The government allocates funds for infrastructure development through various initiatives, including national development plans, stimulus packages, and public-private partnerships (PPPs). Private sector investment in construction is driven by demand for residential, commercial, and industrial properties.
4. Government Initiatives: The Malaysian government promotes the construction
   sector through policies and initiatives aimed at accelerating project implementation, streamlining regulatory processes, and attracting investment. Agencies such as the Ministry of Works (KKR) and the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) oversee the planning, regulation, and development of the construction industry.
5. Foreign Investment and Expertise: Malaysia's construction sector benefits from
   foreign investment, expertise, and technology transfer. International construction firms and multinational corporations participate in major infrastructure projects, bringing specialized skills, resources, and experience to the industry.
6. Technology Adoption: The construction sector in Malaysia is increasingly
   embracing technology and innovation to improve productivity, efficiency, and quality. Digital tools, Building Information Modeling (BIM), prefabrication techniques, and advanced construction materials are being utilized to enhance construction processes and outcomes.
7. Skilled Workforce: The construction sector relies on a skilled workforce comprising engineers, architects, project managers, technicians, and skilled laborers. Vocational training programs, technical education, and professional development initiatives are essential for developing and maintaining a competent workforce capable of meeting industry demands.
8. Sustainability and Green Building: Sustainability and green building practices are
   gaining importance in Malaysia's construction sector. Efforts to reduce carbon emissions, minimize waste, conserve resources, and enhance energy efficiency are incorporated into building design, construction methods, and materials selection.